Power Allocation for Adaptive OFDM Index Modulation in Cooperative Networks

In this paper, we propose a power allocation strategy for the adaptive orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) index modulation (IM) in cooperative networks. The allocation strategy is based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, and aims at maximizing the average network capacity according to the instantaneous channel state information (CSI). As the transmit power at source and relay is constrained separately, we can thus formulate an optimization problem by allocating power to active subcarriers. Compared to the conventional uniform power allocation strategy, the proposed dynamic strategy can lead to a higher average network capacity, especially in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The analysis is also verified by numerical results produced by Monte Carlo simulations. By applying the proposed power allocation strategy, the efficiency of adaptive OFDM IM can be enhanced in practice, which paves the way for its implementation in the future, especially for cell-edge communications

List of primers used in the present study.

<p>List of primers used in the present study.</p

Molecular phylogenetic maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated sequences of ACT, CAL, RPB2, BT2 and SOD2 genes.

<p>The tree with the highest log likelihood (-1105.3764) is shown. The black circle represents the strains from Thailand (environmental isolates), the blue circle represents the strains from France (clinical isolates), the green circle represents the strains from China (clinical isolates) and the pink circle represents the strains from Japan (clinical isolates).</p

Genetic variation analysis and relationships among environmental strains of <i>Scedosporium apiospermum</i> sensu stricto in Bangkok, Thailand

<div><p>The <i>Scedosporium apiospermum</i> species complex is an emerging filamentous fungi that has been isolated from environment. It can cause a wide range of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. We aimed to study the genetic variation and relationships between 48 strains of <i>S</i>. <i>apiospermum</i> sensu stricto isolated from soil in Bangkok, Thailand. For PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, we used the following genes: actin; calmodulin exons 3 and 4; the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II; ß-tubulin exon 2–4; manganese superoxide dismutase; internal transcribed spacer; transcription elongation factor 1α; and beta-tubulin exons 5 and 6. The present study is the first phylogenetic analysis of relationships among <i>S</i>. <i>apiospermum</i> sensu stricto in Thailand and South-east Asia. This result provides useful information for future epidemiological study and may be correlated to clinical manifestation.</p></div

Molecular phylogenetic maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated sequences of ACT, CAL, RPB2, BT2, SOD2, ITS, TEF-1α, and TUB genes.

<p>The tree with the highest log likelihood (-8390.7037) is shown.</p

Starting and ending sequences, number of alleles, number of polymorphisms, typing efficacy, and discrimination power of each gene.

<p>Starting and ending sequences, number of alleles, number of polymorphisms, typing efficacy, and discrimination power of each gene.</p

Genetic variation analysis and relationships among environmental strains of <i>Scedosporium apiospermum</i> sensu stricto in Bangkok, Thailand - Fig 1

<p><b>Phylogenetic network (A–H).</b> SplitTree decomposition analysis using the neighbor-net algorithm of each of the eight genes i.e. A. ACT, B. CAL, C. RPB2, D. BT2, E. SOD2, F. ITS, G. TEF-1α and H. TUB (in blanket to show the number of the collection name of each strain).</p

Allele types (ATs) and sequence types (STs) of ACT, CAL, RPB2, BT2, SOD2, ITS, TEF-1α, and TUB genes and STs.

<p>Allele types (ATs) and sequence types (STs) of ACT, CAL, RPB2, BT2, SOD2, ITS, TEF-1α, and TUB genes and STs.</p

Size comparison of synthetic and <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> hemozoins.

<p>Ultrastructural micrographs of the s-hemozoin in the A549 cell (A) and Pf-hemozoin in the mononuclear cell (B). The dot graph exhibited the difference in length (C) and width (D) of hemozoin crystal using Mann-Whitney test.</p

Percentage of apoptotic cells induced by cytokines.

<p>The bar graph exhibited the difference in the number of apoptotic cells in each group using Friedman test (*; p-value<0.05, **; p-value <0.001, ***; p-value<0.001) (A) which was morphologically characterised by apoptotic (B) and normal cells (C).</p